In this study, the knowledge of postpartum mothers on PNC and its determinants were determined. Bonferroni post-hoc test was performed for variables that were found to be significant while using ANOVA tool. 2. 2016;387(10017):462–74. Worldwide, unwanted pregnancy is a major cause of death in children less than 5 years of age and a death of pregnant women attempting abortion (650 per100,000 pregnant women) each year [11, 19]. Most of the mothers (37%) belonged to families which had a per capita income Only 33% of them were employed. The goal of care during the early postnatal period is to promote the physical well-being of both mother and baby, as well as support the developing relationship between the baby and his or her parents and family. METHODS A descriptive study was done among 100 purposively selected post natal mothers admitted in Teaching Hospital. In this study, the knowledge of postpartum mothers on PNC and its determinants were determined. Considerable gaps in knowledge regarding postnatal care among postpartum mothers were evident. Ghirmay Ghebreigziabher Beraki. Oxford: Oxford University; 2005. Data was collected by a structured questionnaire. 2015 Dec;44(10):1157-66. doi: 10.1016/j.jgyn.2015.09.017. Wash perineum with warm water and some salt (70.0%) and general body hygiene (69.6%) were highly known infection prevention methods. The main reason for the difference could be the regularity in health education in urban places. 2015. Mirzaee K, Taghi Shakeri M. Maternal knowledge on postpartum care in healthcare centers of Mashhad, Iran in 2013. Data was collected by a structured questionnaire. 2005;7(8):1066–1074. Data set is available in electronic form which can be accessed upon a reasonable request from the corresponding author. Epub 2015 Oct 31. However, inconsistent results on jaundice as baby danger sign were obtained in a study done in Nepal (21%) [21]. Careers. Correspondence to Independent samples t-test (variables with two categories) and one way ANOVA (variables with more than 2 categories) were used to find out the difference in the level of knowledge of post-natal across demographic variables. Almost one third of the women were able to identify the inability to breast feed (32.8%) and irritability (33.2%). The data was collected from 100 postnatal mothers by trained interviewers using a structured proforma. World health report: make every mother and child count. Independent samples t-test and one way ANOVA were used to compare the scores in knowledge across categories of background characteristics using SPSS. Independent samples t-test and one way ANOVA were used to compare the scores in knowledge across categories of background characteristics using SPSS. However, it is difficult to say whether the postpartum mothers’ knowledge on this issue has been obtained through proper and methodical mechanisms, such as trainings and educational interventions, or from tradition. This could be due to the long standing public health campaigns given in Eritrea that bleeding either during pregnancy or post-partum period puts the mother’s health at danger. The percentage of PpM who cited vaginal bleeding, as a maternal danger sign, and fever, as a baby danger sign, were 83.2 and 58.8%, respectively. However, in this study, lower level of knowledge (6.8%) was scored on keeping baby warm by skin to skin contact than the study done in Nepal (58%) [21]. However, 19 (7.6%) of the respondents mentioned “I don’t know” and 101 (40.4%) responded vomiting/unconsciousness/ edema. Knowledge of neonatal danger signs among mothers attending well baby clinic in Nakuru Central District, Kenya: cross sectional descriptive study. In the current study, knowledge of PpM on contraceptive methods shows that injectable contraceptives (92.7%) and oral contraceptives (91.5%) were highly mentioned. Emptying the bladder every 2 hours, which is the correct response for frequency of urination, was mentioned only by 35 (21.6%) of the postpartum mothers. There is still lack of knowledge among mothers regarding postnatal period, postnatal exercise, timing of first bath after birth of baby. Highest knowledge was in the area of breastfeeding and lowest in the areas of family planning. Data was collected by a structured questionnaire. Unwanted pregnancy in rural women of Najafabad. However, postnatal care health education given to postpartum mothers in the maternity health facilities of Eritrea is not based on standard guidelines. However, 27 delivered by caesarean section and 307 by spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD). No. 2013;52(190):372–7. [Table 2] Knowledge aspects of respondents regarding postnatal care The result of study illustrates that highest knowledge was in the area of danger signs of mothers Lochia stays up to 6 weeks postpartum putting the mother at risk of postpartum infection and the pain as well as discomfort associated with the childbirth. Complete enumeration of the postpartum mothers was undertaken to determine the knowledge of postpartum mothers on postnatal care. Considerable gaps in knowledge regarding postnatal care among postpartum mothers were evident. Post-natal care refers to issues pertaining to the mother and the baby from birth up to 6 weeks [1]. Asmara: National statistics Offce and Fafo Institute for Appled; 2010. postnatal care, 26(43.33%) had moderately adequate practices and only 05(08.34%) of them had adequate practices. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015. Kuganab-Lem R, Yidana A. Then, the questionnaire was translated from English to Tigrigna, a language most familiar to Eritreans, by experienced researchers, linguists, and midwife experts. Almost three fourths (74.0%) of the women correctly responded to the frequency need of breast feeding per day (eight per day); however, 10.4% said ‘if the baby cries’. The selected determinants were age, marital status, religion, educational level, and occupation. Timilsina S, Dhakal R. Knowledge on postnatal care among postnatal mothers. In addition, 30 subjects were excluded because they cannot speak Tigrigna (native language), 13 had still birth, and 14 withdrew from the study to arrive at 250 subjects included in the analysis (Fig. More than nine tenth of postpartum mothers correctly identified injectable contraceptives (92.7%) and oral contraceptive (91.5%). This discrepancy could be due to differences in the availability of health facilities and maternal training in the two study populations. 2014;1(1):52–6. Postpartum mothers are those mothers who have given birth in the health facility. A descriptive research design was used in this study. Rama R, Gopalakrishnan S, Udayshankar P. Assessment of knowledge regarding new-born care among mothers in Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu. Sénat MV, Sentilhes L, Battut A, Benhamou D, Bydlowski S, Chantry A, Deffieux X, Diers F, Doret M, Ducroux-Schouwey C, Fuchs F, Gascoin G, Lebot C, Marcellin L, Plu-Bureau G, Raccah-Tebeka B, Simon E, Bréart G, Marpeau L. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). On the other hand, the baby care component consisted of mechanism of keeping the baby warm (2 items), time of first new born baby bath (1 item), umbilical care (1 item), initiation of breast feeding (1 item), frequency of breast feeding per day (1 item), exclusive breast feeding (1 item), needs and purposes of vaccination (2 items), and baby danger signs (14 items). In this study, the knowledge of postpartum mothers on PNC and its determinants were determined. 2015;3(4):456–64. The majority of health care providers across sub-Saharan Africa, including Eritrea, continue to advise mothers to come back to the facility for a first check-up after 6 weeks [6]. However, other studies have shown women’s insufficient knowledge on postnatal care [13, 14]. Comparison of the knowledge scores by categories of residence has revealed that urban residents had significantly greater knowledge score than the rural residents. 2016;9(1):481. After verification of the collected questionnaires by the researchers, the data was entered into CSPro (Census and Survey processing system) version 7.0 software package. High Incidence of Neonatal Danger Signs and Its Implications for Postnatal Care in Ghana: A Cross-Sectional Study. Lack of primary healthcare centers and awareness among family members about the need of a pregnant woman with the rigorous lifestyle most women lead on an everyday basis puts them at high risk of not just miscarriages but also death. Study participants that were eligible and finally included in the analyses, Knowledge of postnatal mothers on maternal danger signs. The mean PNC knowledge score was 24.89/60. Furthermore, they were given a full right to drop from participating in the study. Only 37(14.8%) of respondents had history of abortion. World health report: make every mother and child count. PLoS One. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Hence, a reliable contraceptive method is needed for mothers to avoid unwanted pregnancy as early as possible because menstruation period usually restarts at 3 to 9 weeks [11]. Special attention should be laid on rural residents, single/living together, junior/below in educational level, primigravida/para, non-Tigrigna ethnicity, and 17 to 25 years old mothers. More than three fourths (77.4%) of the women responded umbilical care should be simply keeping clean and dry. In addition, it can also support the development of infant feeding skills and strengthen the mother’s knowledge and confidence in her and her baby’s health and well-being. Maternal age ranged between 18 to 35 with an average of 25.18±3.8. Almost all (96.0%) of the respondents responded correctly on where to go if they note any danger signs (Table 3). Background: No. country. RHR/15.05; 2015. More than 80 % of the postpartum mothers were able to identify food items rich in carbohydrates (87.6%). Geneva: Highlights from the World Health Organization 2013 guidelines. Shrestha T, Bhattarai SG, Silwal K. Knowledge and practice of postnatal mother in newborn care. Almost one-fourth of the PpM knew the correct answer for ‘when to give a bath to a newly born baby’ which is similar to a study conducted in India (30%) [22]. Obstetrical and gynecological history of the mothers revealed that, 28.4, 23.2, 22.8, 8.4, and 17.2% were gravida one, two, three, four, and five and above respectively (Table 2). However, in a study done in Nepal, the percentage of mothers who mentioned that breastfeeding needs to be initiated within 1 hour was 48% [21]. 2018 May;28(3):267-276. doi: 10.4314/ejhs.v28i3.4. J Curr Res. 2016;8(01):25466–71. : 019/09/17 and Eritrean Ministry of Health research and ethics committee with a ref. awareness among the postnatal mothers regarding personal hygiene and new born care aspects in rural areas in order to reduce maternal and neona tal complications. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. statement and Table 5 shows the percentage distribution of mothers by their knowledge on baby care. Keywords: In addition, According to specific biological and psychological characteristics of neonates, they need higher [Post-partum: Guidelines for clinical practice--Short text]. The entered data was then exported to Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, version 22.0) for analysis. A review of sub-Saharan Africa demographic and health survey showed that only 13% of women who delivered at home received postnatal care within 2 days of birth [5]. GGB conceived, designed, wrote, analyzed and interpreted the manuscript. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Ethical approval was obtained from Asmara College of Health Sciences with a ref. In the present study, regarding knowledge of postpartum mothers on keeping baby warm after delivery, almost all participants (99.6%) had a higher knowledge when compared to a study conducted in Nepal which showed that 82% had knowledge on wrapping the baby with warm clothes. Timilsina S, Dhakal R. Knowledge on postnatal care among postnatal mothers. Beraki, G.G., Tesfamariam, E.H., Gebremichael, A. et al. Knowledge of postnatal mothers on maternal danger signs. The study was conducted in December, 2017. The score of knowledge on postnatal care was found to significantly differ across the categories of residence (p < 0.001) and ethnicity (p = 0.015). Few (6.8%) also mentioned skin to skin contact. No significant difference in knowledge score was observed among mothers who were gravidity two, three, four, and five or above, however, mothers of gravidity one had significantly less knowledge score than mothers of the aforementioned gravidity. Would you like email updates of new search results? Age of the mother, occupation, the month of pregnancy at first ANC visits, overall knowledge and attitude level was found to have a significant association with newborn care practice. In this study, the most identified infection prevention methods were washing perineum with warm water and some salt (70.0%) and changing pads frequently (36.4%). Article  FCM, Early Postpartum Care of the Mother and Infant and Transition to the Community. © 2021 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. The LAMB study was a cross-sectional, population-based study that examined maternal and child health outcomes during the preconception, prenatal, and postpartum periods. Privacy Post natal care (PNC) knowledge has significant role in reducing such complications. Findings: Among 57 postnatal mother half of the postnatal mothers, 30 (52.63%) had average level of knowledge regarding postnatal care. 2017;1(1):58–63. Asifpadiyath M, vishnuBhat B, Ekambaram H (2010) Knowledge attitude and practice of neonatal care among postnatal mothers. Home delivery cases had 39% of the babies given fluid to drink immediately after. The rationale for this approach was to describe and illustrate what is typical in the PNC unit serving HIV-positive mothers, to minimise variation by recruiting a homogenous group and use predetermined criteria to select nurses who have the necessary knowledge and experience of postnatal HIV care. knowledge assessment of neonatal care among postnatal mothers Introduction Pregnancy period, child birth and neonatal period, have great emotional effect on families and could be considered as a new experience in life. However, it is worth remembering that the scientific and traditional reason of commencing sexual intercourse after 6 weeks has the same ground. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014. Semi-structured interview questionnaire and observation checklist was used to collect the data. BMC Res Notes. The score of knowledge on postnatal care was found to significantly differ across the categories of residence (p < 0.001) and ethnicity (p = 0.015). Others = vomiting, unconsciousness or…, National Library of Medicine Terms and Conditions, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error, Knowledge of postnatal mothers on maternal danger signs. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 2014;4(5):195–202. NSO. These findings are lower than those yielded in the study done in Nepal, in which 91.33% of PpM had prior knowledge of washing perineum with warm water and 83.16% changing pads frequently [3]. The practice of postnatal care is increasing daily after proper knowledge and awareness on postnatal care. Shahraki AD, et al. Food rich in proteins (75.2%), vitamins (67.6%), fats (47.2%), and minerals (45.6%) were also mentioned. 2005;7(8):1066–74. Afr J Midwifery Womens Health. Methods: Lancet. Shahraki AD, et al. Around three-fourths of the postpartum mothers in the current study responded that umbilical cord is taken care of by simply keeping the umbilicus clean and dry. Each author contributed substantially to manuscript. WHO recommendations on postnatal care of the mother and newborn. Alkema L, et al. Berhe A, Bayray A, Berhe Y, Teklu A, Desta A, Araya T, Zielinski R, Roosevelt L. PLoS One. An overall score was obtained by adding the correct responses totaling to 60. Studies regarding utilization of maternal health services such as antenatal care and skilled delivery at birth are not infrequent; however, there still exists paucity of studies on knowledge regarding postnatal care in the country. Postnatal care for mothers and newborns. Accessibility Therefore, it seems that maternal training and consultation about contraceptive methods in Eritrea is properly addressed and should be maintained. The majority (74.1%) of the respondents mentioned “if I felt to urinate”. Survey data from the 2007 Los Angeles Mommy and Baby (LAMB) study (N= 4,075) were used to identify predictors and barriers to postpartum care use. Geneva: Highlights from the World Health Organization 2013 guidelines. Independent sample t-test has revealed that the categories in residence (p < 0.001) and ethnicity (p = 0.015) had shown significant difference in score of knowledge on postnatal care among postpartum mothers (Table 7). Yellow palm as baby danger sign was the most highly unidentified (97.2%) by the postpartum mothers in this study, which is similar to the findings in Ghana (93.6%) [23]. The anonymity and confidentiality of the participants were assured and treated as strictly confidential. J Midwifery Reprod Health. 2018;18(1):4. 2013;58(6):613–21. AG, BY, KH, ST, and SG collected the data and analyzed and wrote the first draft of the paper. Knowledge of postnatal mothers’ on Essential Newborn Care About 80% of respondents believed that wrapping in a warm dry cloth prevents heat loss from neonate, while 43.9% of the mothers mentioned that mother-baby skin to skin contact prevents hypothermia of neonate after birth. Utilization of postnatal care (PNC) service in Ethiopia is low due to various factors. Others = vomiting, unconsciousness or edema. Moreover, the difficulty of breathing as a baby danger sign was mentioned by almost half (50.8%) of the postpartum mothers. 2012;6(4):171–5. Around half (45.6%) of the postpartum mothers were aware about the appropriate time for restarting sexual intercourse in this study. The percentages of knowledge in recognizing the necessary nutrients ranged from 87.6% for carbohydrates to 46% for minerals. Data collectors were able to approach 334 postpartum mothers in the four hospitals during the study period. Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted in postpartum mothers (PpM) who attended all maternal delivery services in Asmara. It also focuses upon the practices of the postnatal diet among puerperal mothersAccording to WHO the total energy needs during postpartum between 2,500 to 2700 k Cal a day for most women during the lactating period or puerperal period.It is a very important aspect of self-care about postnatal diet during puerperal period. Health education provision by health workers at the health facilities and through the mass media could be the possible reason behind the correct knowledge (88.4%) of postpartum mothers regarding initiation of breastfeeding within 30 min. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. Maternal care component consisted of concerns on maternal danger signs (15 items), infection prevention (9 items), bladder care (1 item), sexual activity starting time (1 item), proper nutrition (6 items), delay of menstruation by exclusive breast feeding (1 item), and contraceptive methods (4 items). Fahey JO, Shenassa E. Understanding and meeting the needs of women in the postpartum period: the perinatal maternal health promotion model. Among others, one dimension of initiating postpartum care constitutes enhancing the knowledge of the mothers in order to enable them to properly handle themselves and the neonates in times of difficulty [17]. In sub-Saharan Africa, 48% of women give birth with the assistance of skilled personnel [5]. Others = vomiting, unconsciousness or edema. COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation. Fever, as a new born danger sign, was identified by only 58.8% of the postpartum mothers in this study. An increasing trend of knowledge score was observed with increase in age group (p < 0.001), educational level (p = 0.021), gravida (p < 0.001) and para (p < 0.001). WHO. CAS  However, occupation (p = 0.210), religion (p = 0.476), number of abortion (p = 0.783) have not shown significant difference in score of knowledge on postnatal care among postpartum mothers. Exploring women knowledge of newborn danger signs: a case of mothers with under five children. A study conducted in Malawi on assessment of the knowledge and practice of postpartum mothers regarding postnatal care showed that almost all the participants were knowledgeable about some aspect of postnatal care [12]. Almost half of postnatal maternal deaths occur within the first 24 h and 66% occur during the first week [1, 5]. Postpartum mothers who delivered in these four hospitals during the study period constituted the study population. Among the least known infection prevention methods were hand washing after changing pads (10.8%), hand washing after perineal hygiene (10.4%), and hand washing before perineal hygiene (6.8%). P-values less than 0.05 were considered as significant. This is because all subjects during the specified period of time can be recruited resulting to more accuracy, than that of samples. An increasing trend of knowledge score was observed with increase in age group (p < 0.001), educational level (p = 0.021), gravida (p < 0.001) and para (p < 0.001). This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Prevention and treatment information (HHS). There was a positive association found between level of knowledge and practices with demographic variables such as age, education and parity. There were statistically significant … The early postnatal period is a dangerous time for both mother and baby where morbidity and mortality are highly prevalent if proper care is not done. The percentage distribution of postpartum mothers on maternal danger signs are shown in Fig. When compared with the study conducted in Ethiopia, a similar result observed is foul-smelling vaginal discharge (23.3%) as a danger sign [18]. Results regarding new-born danger signs on umbilical cord problem (14, 5.4, 35%), convulsion (8.4, 19.3, 15%), and eye problem (6.8, 16.7, 21%) were not similar in this study, Ethiopia, and Nepal respectively [14, 21]. Knowledge; Postnatal care; Postpartum mothers. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Zamani F, Rajabi Z. knowledge and practices on essential newborn care among postnatal mothers at juba teaching hospital south sudan dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of masters in medicine, paediatric and child health university of nairobi dr lucy a. meseka h58/65832/13 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2694-8, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2694-8. Asmara is the capital city of Eritrea, a country in the horn of Africa. The dependent variable in the study was the knowledge of postnatal care among mothers who had given birth. Cookies policy. Post natal care (PNC) knowledge has significant role in reducing such complications. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221161. eCollection 2015. Therefore, special attention should be given to mothers living in rural areas, junior or below in educational level, single or living together, primigravida/primipara, ethnic groups other than Tigrigna, and those between 17 to 25 years of age to improve PNC knowledge. Springer Nature. Nine different infection prevention methods were presented to the postnatal mothers for identification (Table 4). The health of the mother is regarded as the indicator of health of the society so postnatal care is important for the health of mother and newborn as well. The mean percentage level of knowledge of postnatal mothers on selected aspects of postnatal care was 50.23% and the mean level was 17.58 with standard deviation of 2.6. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. By using this website, you agree to our Study participants that were eligible and finally included in the analyses. Postpartum mothers who are junior or below were also found to have significantly lower postnatal knowledge score as compared to mothers who are secondary and higher level. The results showed that the mean knowledge score was 24.89/60 (SD = 5.66). Postpartum Doula, Postpartum Care & Postnatal Maternity Services in Los Angeles, Ca. An overview of the socio- demographic characteristics of 250 postpartum mothers during the study period on postnatal care is shown in Table 1. J Nurs Educ. 2008;10(3):184–91. Maternity hospitals in the city are Orotta National Referral Maternity Hospital, Sembel Hospital, Edaga Hamus Community Hospital, and Betmekae Community Hospital. This capital city is located 2325 m above sea level with a total area of 44.97km2. On the other hand, while discharging the postpartum mothers from the hospital, list of common postnatal danger signs are given in a piece of paper to inform them that they have to approach a nearby health facility upon their appearance. J Med Sci. Department of Pediatrics at a tertiary care hospital in South India during April – July 2009. The remaining had mentioned IUD (53.6%), LAM (16.9%) and other contraceptives (46.8%) such as condom, Norplant or calendar method. The three most recognized maternal danger signs were heavy vaginal bleeding (83.2%), severe head ache (38.4%), and lower abdominal pain (32.0%). The early postnatal period is a dangerous time for both mother and baby where morbidity and mortality are highly prevalent if proper care is not done. Special attention should be laid on rural residents, single/living together, junior/below in educational level, primigravida/para, non-Tigrigna ethnicity, and 17 to 25 years old mothers. Results: Mwilike B, et al. The minimum time for starting sexual intercourse was correctly responded by 114 (45.6%). This can be said to be relatively lower than the findings in Ethiopia (76.6%) [18] and Kenya (74.9%) [15]. However, in the Ethiopian study, relatively higher percentages of postnatal mothers identified severe headache (38.4% Vs 23.1%), blurred vision (19.2% Vs 8.9%), convulsion (13.6% Vs 7.9%) and lower abdominal pain (32.0% Vs 2.9%) as danger signs as compared to this study [18]. Consequently, only 2% of women who had home deliveries receive postnatal care during the first 2 days of post-partum, and another 5 and 7% of such women had postnatal care within 5 to 41 days post-partum [10]. Nepal Med Coll J. The majority (96%) of PpM responded the correct answer on where to go if they note any danger signs. Araya W, et al. 2015;3(4):29–36. FCM, Early Postpartum Care of the Mother and Infant and Transition to the Community. In addition, more than nine tenth of PpM correctly identified injectable contraceptives (92.7%) and oral contraceptive (91.5%). Furthermore, re-arrangement of the questions were made. The lower level of knowledge among mothers who were in the age group 17 to 25, or primipara could be due to practical lessons that multipara mothers gain each time birth occurs. A cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted in postpartum mothers (PpM) who attended all maternal delivery services in Asmara. Bonferroni post hoc test was performed for the significant ANOVA results. : 002/10/17. Bililign N, Mulatu T. Knowledge of obstetric danger signs and associated factors among reproductive age women in Raya kobo district of Ethiopia: a community based cross-sectional study. Hence, all health facilities (4 Hospitals) that render maternity services as well as all eligible postpartum mothers (N = 334) who have given birth during the study period in the study area were considered but only 250 were finally included in the study.
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